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Grant category: Research Grants in open competition

Year: 2017

Geography: Denmark

Allergy is one of the world’s most common chronic conditions. It is caused by immunoreaction of the human body towards in principle otherwise harmless allergens, and the current method for allergy screening and monitoring is the skin prick test (SPT) where different allergens are introduced into the tested person’s skin.

This widely used method, however, is non-quantitative, relatively lengthy and patients might experience unpleasant reactions. Furthermore, clinical evaluation of the SPT requires physical assessment of visible changes of the skin due to local inflammation by an experienced health care professional.

In the supported PhD project, which involves collaboration between DTU Nanotech, the Allergy Clinic at Gentofte Hospital in Denmark, Malmö University in Sweden and the University of British Columbia in Canada, an allergy test based on a micropatch will be developed which may be both more efficient and accurate as well as less cumbersome.

The micropatch will introduce allergens to the skin with carbon micro needles and allow for instantaneous and quantitative monitoring of allergic reactions in the skin through in vivo electrochemical sensing of the histamine released from activated mast cells in the interstitial fluid.

If successful, the new micropatch-based test will provide for less unpleasant allergy tests, in particular relevant with children suffering from atopic dermatitis. Further, a successful micropatch test will be a valuable and effective mean to identify potential immunoreactions towards newly developed topical dermatological drugs.

The project is supported by the LEO Foundation, the Copenhagen Center for Health Technology – CACHET (www.cachet.dk) and DTU Nanotech.

Grant category: Research Grants in open competition

Year: 2017

Geography: USA

Many observations suggest interactions between the skin immune system and the nervous system. Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD), as examples, are believed to worsen with stress.

It has furthermore been shown that denervation of areas of human skin bearing psoriasis leads to improvement or resolution of the disease – and studies on mice have shown that an intact nerve supply is necessary for development of murine psoriasiform dermatitis.

The underlying mechanisms addressed in this project revolve around the Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP) and the use of a novel, specifically targeted murine model.

Psychological stress increases the CGRP content of cutaneous nerves and dorsal root ganglia, and the team behind the project suggests that CGRP effects on the dermal microvascular endothelial cells may, at least in part, explain stress-exacerbation of Th17-mediated skin diseases such as psoriasis.

The LEO Foundation believes that the project can provide relevant insights into the role of the nervous system in regulating skin immune responses and thus provide a rational basis for developing novel drugs for modulation of skin immune responses.

Grant category: Research Grants in open competition

Year: 2017

Geography: France

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin is the second most frequent skin cancer. Generally, SCC occurs on sun-exposed areas of fair skinned in elderly individuals.

However, skin carcinogenesis is also observed in non-UV induced settings, particularly in chronic wounds and scars like chronic leg ulcers, inherited blistering diseases and deep burn scars. These wound-associated SCCs are highly invasive and prone to metastasis, making them a life threatening complication.

The mechanisms of chronic wound carcinogenesis are unknown. The absence of UV exposure and different clinical behaviour suggest different mechanisms of carcinogenesis, including different initiating driver genomic abnormalities.

The team behind this study aims to uncover genomic alterations through Whole Exome Sequencing on a cohort of 35 wound/scar-associated SCCs with matching germline DNA. They will compare achieved data to data on UV-induced SCCs and to murine models of skin SCCs.

Furthermore, they will perform micro-dissection of successive stages of carcinogenesis in a cohort of specimen and subject these to targeted genotyping. This will allow for determination of the successive genetic alterations that drive the multistep carcinogenesis in the absence of carcinogenic UV exposure.

The team expects to find a distinct and hopefully new mutational signature in skin carcinogenesis, to identify new oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes and to model the multistep genomic evolution of wound/scarring associated skin SCC.

Basis for the project lies in a multicentre collaboration gathering six University Hospitals in two countries, including Paris-based Hôpital Cochin and Hôpital Tenon as well as American University of Beirut Medical Centre in Lebanon.

Grant category: Research Grants in open competition

Year: 2017

Geography: Denmark

The LEO Foundation supports this study aimed at improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment of Atopic dermatitis (AD) in Greenland, and to add to the general knowledge of AD.

The project’s hypothesis is that Inuit children with AD residing in Greenland display a population-specific prevalence, set of risk factors, phenotype, genotype, immunotype, and bacterial load. As part of showing this, it is intended to clarify potential Inuit-specific loss-of-function mutations in filaggrin gene (FLG) addressing the latitude dependent gradient in FLG mutation prevalence and its potential role in providing an evolutionary advantage.

In general, the settings in Greenland differ on many parameters from a conventional western society: The AD study population is expected to be different due to variation in living conditions, diet, climate, and genetic admixture. This is of particular importance to better examine and understand AD etiology and related risk factors and may hopefully provide a break-through in AD research.

In the project, the team will establish a large children cohort in Greenland to estimate prevalence, genotype, phenotype, immunotype, and risk factors for AD. By examining Inuit children with and without AD, compared with Danish children with AD, along with a cohort comparison from collaborating partners, the team will be able to examine whether phenotypic traits correlate with genotype, immunotype, ethnicity, or environmental factors, including gut and skin microbiomes.

The study offers an exclusive opportunity to examine AD in a homogenous small population in a secluded environment, and is foreseen to contribute to increased understanding of AD as an overall term, hereby its phenotype, genotype, immunotype, and specific risk factors. Both to understand better the pathogenesis of AD, and to improve and implement diagnostic tools for Greenlandic patients with AD.

Grant category: Research Grants in open competition

Year: 2017

Geography: Canada

Retinoids have been used in the treatment of skin disorders for many years, particularly for hyperkeratotic diseases such as ichthyoses, psoriasis, and severe acne. Retinoid agonists are potent modulators of epidermal proliferation and differentiation, but are also associated with several side effects including hypertriglyceridemia, fatty liver, and teratogenicity.

In this project, it is believed that selective modulation of the activity of the so-called CYP26 enzymes present in skin cells and involved in inactivation of retinoic acid (RA) could provide a route to safer, equally effective treatments.

More specifically, the project uses a two-pronged approach in which:

1) The role of CYP26 is evaluated by genetic knock-out, and

2) The effect of topical administration of CYP26 inhibitors is investigated, arguing potential advantages over existing therapies by limitation of systemic increase in RA since inactivation of the enzyme is limited to the target tissue

Moreover, the project aims at showing that topical CYP26 inhibitor application is superior to topical RA agonists as the latter may induce CYP26 expression that, on repeated dosing, can limit their effectiveness; this would not be the case for CYP26 inhibitors.

Grant category: Research Grants in open competition

Year: 2017

Geography: Denmark

Wound healing is a complex biological process involving interaction of different types of cells, mediators, and components of the extracellular matrix.

In particular, re-epithelialization, closure of the wound by the epithelial cells, is a crucial step as it re-establishes skin continuity. The process, however, may be impaired in various pathological conditions such as diabetes, leading to the development of acute or chronic non-healing wounds.

This project, involving participants from Denmark, France, and Germany, aims to develop wound dressings based on novel polymer- and protein-based biomaterials capable of delivery of bioactive molecules. The basis will be elastin, an extracellular matrix protein with unique properties such as elasticity and biocompatibility.

In order to form the 3D scaffolds needed for wound dressings, state-of-the-art electrospinning will be utilized and hydrogels will be prepared by in vitro cross-linking of elastin-based peptides. The conditions of preparation will be tuned to produce a biomaterial of desired mechanical properties, which will then be characterized physio-chemically using a range of analytical techniques.

Addition of bioactive peptides and growth factors will allow for stimulation of wound healing. The materials will be tested in vitro using human fibroblast cell cultures and in vivo using animal wound models.

Grant category: Research Grants in open competition

Year: 2017

Geography: United Kingdom

Gish Patel from Cardiff University in Wales leads an international collaboration of experts in a project that investigates the signalling pathways responsible for malignant transformation of skin epithelial cells. The hope is to identify novel therapeutic targets for future drug discovery and development.

Epithelia are continually exposed to environmental carcinogens and therefore, cancers of epithelial tissues called carcinoma, account for 85% of all cancers and 78% of all cancer-associated mortality.

Many carcinomas arise from pre-malignant transformation as intraepithelial neoplasia, also referred to as field cancerisation (FC). FC can give rise to multiple primary cancers and is a feature of malignancies involving many organs, including the skin.

The team hypothesises that the mechanism in skin FC arises from dysregulation of a particular signalling pathway. This is based on results from a murine model on Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis, where the team uncovered a novel keratinocyte stem cell (KSC) basis for the FC.

This is potentially relevant to FC in other tissues and the team targets utilisation of an innovative multiple-strategy approach to determine a drug-targetable signalling pathway involved in malignant transformation and expansion of this novel KSC population.

Grant category: Research Grants in open competition

Year: 2017

Geography: Denmark

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive skin cancers and its incidence in Denmark has increased over the last decade, becoming the most frequent type of cancer in young women. Despite recent discoveries on melanoma mechanisms, the prognosis for the patient is still poor and extensive research efforts are needed to clarify the molecular mechanisms involved and identify new therapeutic targets.

The outcome of this project has the potential to join these efforts by advancing the comprehension of metabolic reprogramming which forms the basis for aggressiveness and resistance to treatments in familial melanoma.

The most common mutations in familial melanoma are found in genes encoding the proteins INK4A and p14-ARF (ARF), and the basis for the project is the newly discovered function of ARF to act as guardian in human melanocytes by maintaining low levels of superoxide in conditions of mitochondrial dysfunction, protecting the melanocytes from reactive oxygen species.

The protective mechanisms mediated by ARF rely on its physical interaction with BCL-xL, a trans-membrane molecule, and this interaction could be disrupted by germline mutations of ARF. The understanding of the interaction mode and how mutations interfere with them is a fundamental step to target the BCL-xL/ARF complex for therapeutic purposes.

Carried out in a cross-disciplinary environment at the Danish Cancer Society Research Center, the project brings together experts in cellular cancer biology, structural biology, and bioinformatics. The team has access to many supercomputing facilities to speed up the data acquisition of the envisioned time-consuming simulations.

Grant category: Research Grants in open competition

Year: 2017

Geography: Denmark

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disorder affecting up to 25% of children and 3% of adults. Currently, no good treatment options exist and AD has a large impact on quality of life.

The skin of AD patients’ is characterized by inflammation caused by infiltration of both dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells leading to among other highly itching plaques. Furthermore, AD lesions are prone to infections due to a decreased barrier function of the skin.

A newly described T cell subset, Th22 cells, is suggested as a main driver of AD with an increased infiltration of both Th22 and Tc22 cells correlating with disease severity.

Treatment with narrow-band ultraviolet B radiation (NB-UVB) has proven effective in reducing the disease-scoring index of AD patients. This is accompanied by a suppression of the Th2/Th22 axis and there are ongoing clinical trials with blocking antibodies against IL-22 for AD treatment.

UVB radiation of skin is known to initiate the production of vitamin D with its potent immunomodulatory properties, and it shows that activation of human CD4+ T cells leads to a secretion of IL-21 and IL-22 – a secretion that therefore can be inhibited by vitamin D.

This project will investigate the effects of vitamin D in a physiologically relevant in vitro differentiation system of CD4+ T cells towards the Th22 lineage, targeting a better understanding of the interplay between the developments of Th22 cells in relation to AD.

Furthermore, the project will potentially provide a basis for the understanding of the molecular and cellular events in AD, and the possible symptom alleviation of patients following topical treatment with vitamin D analogues.

Grant category: Research Grants in open competition

Year: 2017

Geography: Canada

A number of chronic skin conditions have peeling of the skin as the dominant expression; akin to skin peeling following severe sunburns. In the chronic conditions, peeling is cyclical or continuous, often affecting hands, feet, or the body. Today, there is no effective treatment for these conditions, leaving patients subjected to trial and error with a variety of non-effective and often also expensive therapies.

A number of abnormal gene variants have been found to disrupt the normal maturation of the skin. Using a gene manipulation tool known as CRISPR, the team led by Dr Hull will build understanding of the role of four known genes causing skin peeling syndromes. This will be done by replicating the diseases in cell cultures grown into full thickness skin and studying the cellular and biochemical changes caused by the induced gene modifications.

Of particular interest is cathepsin B, an enzyme that has been found to play an important role in peeling associated with the skin disorder, keratolytic winter erythema.

The team’s hypothesis is that there is an important and dynamic interplay and balance between a number of enzymes in the outer layers of the skin and that if this balance favours the activity of cathepsin B, peeling results.

If this is shown, it may be clinically very relevant as there are a number of known compounds that inhibits cathepsin B and which then could be used to treat patients with chronic peeling as a consequence of their skin disorder.